CV
- since 2023: Research associate, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- 2020-2022: Research associate, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
- 2018-2020: SFS Professor of Wildlife Management, The School For Field Studies, Karatu, Tanzania
- 2015-2017: Associate Professor of Wildlife Management, The School For Field Studies, Karatu, Tanzania
- 2011-2015: Lecturer for Wildlife Management, The School For Field Studies, Karatu, Tanzania
- 2011-2011: Postdoc in the Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology at the University of California, Davis, USA
- 2010-2011: Researcher at the "Institut für Wildbiologie, Göttingen & Dresden e.V.", Göttingen, Germany
- 2007-2010: PhD at the Department of Forest Zoology and Forest Conservation incl. Wildlife Biology and Game Management, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany
- 2006-2006: Research Assistant at the Research Institute of Forest Ecology and Forestry, Rhineland-Palatinate, Trippstadt, Germany
- 2004-2006: MSC in Tropical and International Forestry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany
- 2005-2005: Semester in MSC program International Nature Conservation, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
- 2000-2004: BSC in Forestry Sciences and Forest Ecology Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany
Guest positions
- since 2023: Guest researcher, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
- since 2019: Guest researcher, Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, MaxPlanck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropolgy, Leipzig, Germany
Edited volume
Kiffner, C., Bond, M. L. & Lee, D. E. [eds.] (2022) Tarangire: Human-wildlife coexistence in a fragmented ecosystem. Springer Ecological Studies Series. 392 pp, ISSN: 0070-8356, https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-93604-4
Peer-reviewed articles (Google scholar profile)
Kiffner, C., Giliba, R., Fust, P., Loos, J. & Waltert, M. (in press) Assessing protected area effectiveness in western Tanzania: Insights from repeated line transect surveys. African Journal of Ecology: https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.13200
Giliba, R., Kiffner, C., Fust, P. & Loos, J. (2023) Modelling elephant corridors over two decades reveals opportunities for conserving connectivity across a large protected area network. PLoS ONE 18(10): e0292918, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292918
Caro, T., Dobson, A., Kiffner, C. & Waltert, M. (2023) Threat to Tanzanian national park requires compromise. Science 381(6660): 844, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj4393
König, H.J., Kiffner, C., Kuhls, K., Uthes, S., Harms, V. & Wieland, R. (2023) Planning for wolf-livestock coexistence: landscape configuration predicts livestock depredation risk in agricultural landscapes. Animal 17: 100719 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2023.100719
Ostermann-Miyashita, E.-F., Bluhm, H., Dobiáš, K., Gandl, N., Hibler, S., Look, S., Michler, F.-U., Weltgen, L., Smaga, A., König, H.J., Kuemmerle, T. & Kiffner, C. (2023) Opportunities and challenges for monitoring a recolonizing large herbivore using citizen science. Ecology and Evolution 13: e10484, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.10484
Ostermann-Miyashita, E.-F., Pernat, N., König, H. J., Hemminger, K., Gandl, N., Bellingrath-Kimura, S. D., Hibler, S. & Kiffner, C. (2023) Attitudes towards returning wildlife species: an analysis of patterns and correlates. Biological Conservation 278: 109878, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109878
Ostermann-Miyashita, E.-F., König, H. J., Pernat, N., Bellingrath-Kimura, S. D., Hibler, S. & Kiffner, C. (2022) Knowledge of returning wildlife species and willingness to participate in citizen science projects among wildlife park visitors. People and Nature 4: 1201-1215, https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10379
Kiffner, C., Uthes, S., Ostermann-Miyashiata, E.-F. & Harms, V. & König, H. J. (2022) Patterns of livestock loss associated with a recolonizing wolf population in Germany. Frontiers in Conservation Science 3: 989368, https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2022.989368
Kiffner, C., Boyle, D., Denninger Snyder, K., Kissui, B., Waltert. M. & Krause, S. (2022) Refining the stress gradient hypothesis for mixed species groups of African mammals. Scientific Reports 12: 17715, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22593-3
Riggio, J., Foreman, K., Freedman, E., Gottlieb, B., Hendler, D., Radomile, D., Rodriguez, R., Yamashita, T., Kioko, J. & Kiffner, C. (2022) Predicting wildlife corridors for multiple species in an East African ungulate community. PloS ONE 17(4): e0265136, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265136
Giliba, R., Fust, P., Kiffner, C. & Loos, J. (2022) Multiple anthropogenic pressures challenge the effectiveness of protected areas in western Tanzania. Conservation Science and Practice 4: e12684, https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12684
Kiffner, C., Kioko, J., Butynski, T.M., de Jong, Y. & Zinner, D. (2022) Population dynamics of the Manyara monkey (Cercopithecus mitis manyaraensis) and vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania. Primate Biology 9: 33-43, https://doi.org/10.5194/pb-9-33-2022
Kiffner, C., Paciência, F.M.D., Henrich, G., Kaitila, R., Chuma, I.S., Mbaryo, P., Knauf, S., Kioko, J. & Zinner, D. (2022) Road-based distance surveys overestimate olive baboon densities. PloS ONE 17(2): e0263314, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263314
Reinke, H., König, H.J., Keuling, O., Kümmerle, T. & Kiffner, C. (2021) Zoning has little impact on the seasonal diel activity and distribution patterns of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Ecology and Evolution 11(23): 17091-17105, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8347
Clauss, M., Scriba, M., Kioko, J. Ganzhorn, J. & Kiffner, C. (2021) Camera-trap data do not indicate scaling of diel activity and cathemerality with body mass in an East African mammal assemblage. Ecology and Evolution 11(20): 13846-13861, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8090
Wood, B., Millar, R., Wright, N., Baumgartner, J., Holmquist, H. & Kiffner, C. (2021) Hunter-gatherers in context: Mammal community composition in a landscape shared with Hadza hunter-gatherers and Datoga pastoralists. PloS One 16(5): e0251076, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251076
Griffin, A.N., Kioko, J., Theisinger, O. & Kiffner, C. (2021) Ostrich population densities and temporal dynamics in coupled social-ecological systems: suitable indicators for the ecological effectiveness of protected areas? Ecological Indicators 125: 107348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107348
Kriegel, E.R., Cherney, D.J.R. & Kiffner, C. (2021) Conventional knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards zoonotic diseases among Maasai in northern Tanzania. Helyion 7: e07041, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07041
Kiffner, C., Schaal, I., Cass, L., Peirce, K., Sussmann, O., Grueser, A., Wachtel, E., Adams, H., Clark, K., König, H., Kioko, J. (2021) Perceptions and realities of elephant crop raiding and mitigation methods. Conservation Science and Practice (3): e372, https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.372
König, H.J., Carter, N., Ceaușu, S., Lamb, C., Ford, A.T. & Kiffner, C. (2021) Human-wildlife coexistence in science and practice. Conservation Science and Practice 3 (3): e401, https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.401 [cover picture]
König, H., Kiffner, C., Kramer-Schadt, S., Fürst, C., Keuling, O. & Ford A. T. (2020) Human-wildlife coexistence in a changing world. Conservation Biology 34(4): 786-794, https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13513
Kiffner, C., Baylis, J., Beckwith, C., Brunner, C., Burns, C., Chavez-Molina, V., Cotton, S., Glazik L., Loftis, E., Morgan, M., O’Neill, C., Theisinger, O., Kioko, J. & Kissui B. (2020) Long-term persistence of wildlife populations in a pastoral area. Ecology and Evolution 10: 10000-10016, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6658
Kiffner, C., Binzen, G., Cunningham, L., Jones, M., Spruiell, F. & Kioko, J. (2020) Wildlife population trends as indicators of protected area effectiveness in northern Tanzania. Ecological Indicators 110: 105903, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105903
Kiffner, C., Thomas, S., Speaker, T., O’Connor, V., Schwartz, P., Kioko, J. & Kissui, B. (2020) Community-based wildlife management area supports similar mammal species richness and densities compared to a national park. Ecology and Evolution 10: 480-492, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5916
Kioko, J., Horton, A., Libre, M., Vickers, J., Dressel, E., Kasey, H., Mdengeya, P.M., Gadiye, D., Kissui, B, & Kiffner, C. (2020) Distribution and abundance of African elephants in Ngorongoro Crater, northern Tanzania. African Zoology 55(4): 303-310, https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2020.1813625
Beattie, K., Olson, E., Kissui, B., Kirchbaum, A. & Kiffner, C. (2020) Predicting livestock depredation risk by African lions (Panthera leo) in a multi-use area of northern Tanzania. European Journal of Wildlife Research 66: 11, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-019-1348-5
Kissui, B., Kiffner, C., König, H. & Montgomery, R. (2019) Patterns of livestock depredation and cost-effectiveness of fortified enclosures in northern Tanzania. Ecology and Evolution 9 (19): 11420-11433, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5644
Kiffner, C., Chapron, G. & König, H. (2019) Germany’s wolves in the crosshairs. Science 365(6458): 1089, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay8053
Kiffner, C., Latzer, M., Vise, R., Benson, H., Hammon E. & J. Kioko (2019) Comparative knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions regarding anthrax, brucellosis, and rabies in three districts of northern Tanzania. BMC Public Health 19: 1625, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7900-0
Kiffner, C., Arndt, Z., Foky, T., Gaeth, M., Gannett, A., Jackson, M., Maroldi, A., McLaughlin, S., Lellman, G., Love, S., Skenandore, B., von Euler, S., Zambrano, Z. & Kissui, B. (2019) Land use, REDD+ and the status of wildlife populations in Yaeda Valley, northern Tanzania. Plos ONE 14(4): e0214823, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214823
Steinbeiser, C.M., Kioko, J., Maresi, A., Kaitila, R. & Kiffner, C. (2019) Relative abundance and activity patterns explain method-related differences in mammalian species richness estimates. Journal of Mammalogy 100(1): 192-201, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy175
Diplock, N. Z., Johnston, K., Mellon, A., Mitchell, L., Moore, M., Schneider, D., Taylor, A. Whitney, J., Kioko, J. & Kiffner, C. (2018) Large mammal declines and the incipient loss of mammal bird mutualisms in an African savanna ecosystem. PloS ONE 13(8): e0202536, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202536
Yamashita, T. Gaynor K., Kioko, J., Brashares, J. & Kiffner, C. (2018) Anti-predator behavior of African ungulates in relation to human settlements. African Journal of Ecology 56(3): 528-536, https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12489
Kiffner, C., Rheault, H., Miller, E., Scheetz, T., Enriquez, V., Swafford, R., Kioko, J. & Prins, H. H. T. (2017) Long-term population dynamics in a multi-species assemblage of large herbivores in East Africa. Ecosphere 8(12): e02027, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2027 [cover picture]
Grzeda, E., Maurer, T., Danneman, C., Kibiriti, L. O., Kioko J. & Kiffner C. (2017) Effects of acaricide treatment on tick acquisition and tick mortality in Boran cattle. Parasitology Research 116(11): 3163-3173, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-017-5633-5
Greene, K., Bell, D., Kioko, J. & Kiffner, C. (2017) Performance of ground-based and aerial survey methods for monitoring wildlife assemblages in a conservation area of northern Tanzania. European Journal of Wildlife Research 63: 77, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-017-1133-2
Bond M.L., Bradley C., Kiffner, C., Morrison T.A. & Lee D.E. (2017) A multi-method approach to delineate and validate migratory corridors. Landscape Ecology 32. 1705-1721, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-017-0537-4
Lumetsberger, T., Ghoddousi, A., Appel, A., Khorozyan, I., Waltert, M. & Kiffner, C. (2017) Re-evaluating models for estimating prey consumption by leopards. Journal of Zoology 302 (3): 201-210, https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12449
Kioko, J., Taylor, K., Milne, H.J., Hayes, Z.K. & Kiffner, C. (2017) Temporal gland secretion in African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Mammalian Biology 82: 34-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2016.07.005
Koziarski, A., Kissui, B. & Kiffner, C. (2016) Patterns and correlates of perceived conflict between humans and large carnivores in Northern Tanzania. Biological Conservation 199: 41-50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.04.029
Bencin, H., Kioko, J. & Kiffner, C. (2016) Local people’s perceptions of wildlife species in two distinct landscapes of Northern Tanzania. Journal for Nature Conservation 34: 82-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2016.09.004
Riggio, J., Caro, T., Dollar, L., Durant, S.M., Jacobson, A.P., Kiffner, C., Pimm, S. & van Aarde, R. (2016) Lion populations may be declining in Africa but not as Bauer et al. suggest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113: E107-E108, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521506113
Kiffner, C., Nagar, S., Kollmar, C. & Kioko, J. (2016) Wildlife species richness and densities in wildlife corridors of Northern Tanzania. Journal for Nature Conservation 31: 29-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2016.02.006
Kiffner, C., Hopper, R. & Kioko, J. (2016) Trends in seasonal population densities of wildlife species in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 54: 383-388, https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12286
Warwick, B.T., Bak, E., Baldassare, J., Gregg, E., Martinez, R., Kioko, J., Saning’o, K. & Kiffner, C. (2016) Abundance estimations of ixodid ticks on Boran cattle and Somali sheep in northern Tanzania. International Journal of Acarology 42: 12-17, https://doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2015.1109708
Kiffner, C., Albertini, M., Ede, A., Donnellan, B., Hahn, N., McGinnis, M.A., Nietlisbach, N.A., Tate, J. & Kioko, J. (2015) Performance of individual species as indicators for large mammal species richness in Northern Tanzania. Ecological Indicators 53: 70-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.01.022
Kiffner, C., Wenner, C., LaViolet, A., Yeh, K. & Kioko, J. (2015) From savannah to farmland: effects of land use on mammal communities in the Tarangire-Manyara Ecosystem, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 53: 156-166, https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12160
Kiffner, C., Peters, L., Strohming, A. & Kioko, J. (2015) Bushmeat consumption in the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem, Tanzania. Tropical Conservation Science 8: 318-332, https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291500800204
Kioko, J., Kiffner, C., Phillips, P., Patterson-Abrolat, C., Collinson, W. & Katers, S. (2015)
Driver knowledge and attitudes on animal vehicle collisions in Northern Tanzania. Tropical Conservation Science 8: 352-366, https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291500800206
Kioko, J., Kiffner, C., Jenkins, N. & Collinson, W. J. (2015) Wildlife roadkill patterns on a major highway in Northern Tanzania. African Zoology 50(1): 17-22, https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2015.1021161
Kioko, J., Smith, D. & Kiffner, C. (2015) Use of birds for ethnomedicine among the Maasai people in Monduli district, northern Tanzania. International Journal of Ethnobiology & Ethnomedicine, 1(1): 1-13
Kioko, J., Baker, J., Shannon, A. & Kiffner, C. (2015) Ethnoecological knowledge of ticks and treatment of tick borne diseases among Maasai people in Northern Tanzania. Veterinary World 8(6), 755-762, https://doi.org/10.14202%2Fvetworld.2015.755-762
Kioko, J., Kiffner, C., Ndibalema, V., Hartnett, E. & Seefeld, C. (2015) Maasai people and elephants: values and perceptions. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 1: 13-19
Kiffner, C., Kioko, J., Leweri, C. & Krause, J. (2014) Seasonal patterns of mixed-species groups in large East African mammals. PLoS ONE 9(12): e113446, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113446
Kiffner, C., Kioko, J., Kissui, B., Painter, C., Serota, M., White, C. & Yager, P. (2014) Inter-specific variation in large mammal responses to human observers along a conservation gradient with variable hunting pressure. Animal Conservation 17(6): 603–612, https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12131
Kioko, J., Herbert, V.T., Mweta, D., Kiwango, Y., Murphy-Williams, M. & Kiffner, C. (2014) Environmental correlates of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) distribution in Manyara area, Tanzania. Annual Research & Review in Biology 5(2): 147-154, https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2015/12470
Reinecke, H., Leinen, L., Thißen, I., Meißner, M., Herzog, S., Schütz, S. & Kiffner, C. (2014) Home range size estimates of red deer in Germany: environmental, individual and methodological correlates. European Journal of Wildlife Research 60: 237-247, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-013-0772-1
Kiffner, C., Stanko, M., Morand, S., Khoklova, I.S, Shenbrot, I., Laudisoit, A., Leirs, H., Hawlena, H. & Krasnov, B. (2014) Variable effects of host characteristics on species richness of flea infracommunities in rodents from three continents. Parasitology Research 113: 2777–2788, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-3937-2
Kiffner, C., Stanko, M., Morand, S., Khoklova, I.S, Shenbrot, I., Laudisoit, A., Leirs, H., Hawlena, H. & Krasnov, B. (2013) Sex-biased parasitism is not universal: evidence from rodent-flea associations from three biomes. Oecologia 173: 1009–1022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2664-1
Caro, T., Stankowich, T., Kiffner, C. & Hunter, J. (2013) Are spotted skunks conspicuous or cryptic? Ethology, Ecology & Evolution 25(2): 144-160, https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2012.744359
Kioko, J., Zink, E., Sawdy, M. & Kiffner, C. (2013) Demography and behavior of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Tarangire-Manyara Ecosystem, Tanzania. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 43: 44-51, https://doi.org/10.3957/056.043.0109
Kiffner, C., Stoner, C. & Caro, T. (2013) Edge effects and large mammal distributions in a national park. Animal Conservation 16: 97-107, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00577.x
Martin, A., Caro, T. & Kiffner, C. (2013) Prey preferences of bushmeat hunters in an East African Savannah Ecosystem. European Journal of Wildlife Research 59(2): 137-145, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-012-0657-8
Kiffner, C., Ndibalema, V. & Kioko, J. (2013) Leopard (Panthera pardus) aggregation and leopard baboon (Papio anubis) interactions in the Serengeti. African Journal of Ecology 51: 168-171, https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12002
Viquerat, S., Kadiri, B., Kiffner, C. & Waltert, M. (2013) A comparison of dung decay estimates in two African forest duiker species (Cephalophus monticola, C. ogilby). Ecotropica 19: 33-38
Viquerat, S., Kadiri, B., Müller, M., Kiffner, C. & Waltert, M. (2012) Estimating forest duiker (Cephalophinae) density: a case study on the performance of three line transect methods. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 42: 1-10, https://doi.org/10.3957/056.042.0110
Mgawe, P., Borgerhoff Mulder, M., Caro, T., Martin, A. & Kiffner, C. (2012) Factors affecting bushmeat consumption in western Tanzania. Tropical Conservation Science 5: 446-462, https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291200500404
Kiffner, C., Vor, T., Hagedorn, P., Niedrig, M. & Rühe, F. (2012) Determinants of tick-borne encephalitis virus antibody presence in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) sera. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 26: 18-25, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00961.x
Achazi, K., Ruzek, D., Donoso-Mantke, O., Schlegel, M., Ali, H.S., Wenk, M., Schmidt-Chanasit, J., Ohlmeyer, L., Rühe, F., Vor, T., Kiffner, C., Kallies, R., Ulrich, R. & Niedrig, M. (2011) Rodents as sentinels for the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Vector-borne and zoonotic Diseases 11: 641-647, https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fvbz.2010.0236
Kiffner, C., Lödige, C., Alings, M., Vor, T. & Rühe, F. (2011) Body-mass or sex-biased tick parasitism in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)? A GAMLSS approach. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 25: 39-45, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00929.x
Kiffner, C., Lödige, C., Alings, M., Vor, T. & Rühe, F. (2011) Attachment site selection of ticks on roe deer, Capreolus capreolus. Experimental and Applied Acarology 53: 79-94, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-010-9378-4
Kiffner, C., Vor, T., Hagedorn, P, Niedrig, M. & Rühe, F. (2011) Factors affecting patterns of tick parasitism on forest rodents in tick-borne encephalitis risk areas, Germany. Parasitology Research 108: 323–335, https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00436-010-2065-x
Kiffner, C., Zucchini, W., Schomaker, P., Vor, T., Hagedorn, P, Niedrig, M. & Rühe, F. (2010) Determinants of tick-borne encephalitis in counties of southern Germany, 2001-2008. International Journal of Health Geographics 9: 42, https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-9-42
Kiffner, C., Lödige, C., Alings, M., Vor, T. & Rühe, F. (2010) Abundance estimation of Ixodes ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Experimental and Applied Acarology 52: 73-84, https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10493-010-9341-4
Vor, T., Kiffner, C., Hagedorn, P., Niedrig, M. & Rühe, F. (2010) Tick burden on European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.). Experimental and Applied Acarology 51: 405-417, https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10493-010-9337-0
Waltert, M., Chuwa, M. & Kiffner, C. (2009) An assessment of the puku (Kobus vardonii Livingstone 1857) population at Lake Rukwa, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 47: 688-692, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01024.x
Waltert, M., Meyer, B. & Kiffner, C. (2009) Habitat availability, hunting or poaching: what affects distribution and density of large mammals in western Tanzanian woodlands? African Journal of Ecology 47: 737-746, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01080.x
Kiffner, C. (2009) Coincidence or evidence: Was the sabretooth cat Smilodon social? Biology Letters 5, 561-562, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0008
Kiffner, C., Meyer, B., Mühlenberg, M. & Waltert, M. (2009) Plenty of prey, few predators: what limits lions in Katavi National Park, western Tanzania? Oryx 43: 52-59, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605307002335
Kiffner, C., Meyer, B. Waltert, M. & Mühlenberg, M. (2008) Response of lions (Panthera leo LINNAEUS 1758) and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta ERXLEBEN 1777) to sound playbacks. African Journal of Ecology 46: 223-226, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00813.x
Rühe, F., Ksinsik, M. & Kiffner, C. (2008) Conversion factors in carnivore scat analysis: Sources of bias. Wildlife Biology 14: 500-506, https://doi.org/10.2981/0909-6396-14.4.500
Kiffner, C., Roessiger, E., Trissl, O., Schulz, R. & Rühe, F. (2008) Probability of recent bark stripping damage by red deer (Cervus elaphus) on Norway spruce (Picea abies) in a low mountain range in Germany – a preliminary analysis. Silva Fennica 42: 125-134, https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.269
Giliba, R., Kiffner, C., Fust, P. & Loos, J. (2023) Modelling elephant corridors over two decades reveals opportunities for conserving connectivity across a large protected area network. PLoS ONE 18(10): e0292918, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292918
Caro, T., Dobson, A., Kiffner, C. & Waltert, M. (2023) Threat to Tanzanian national park requires compromise. Science 381(6660): 844, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj4393
König, H.J., Kiffner, C., Kuhls, K., Uthes, S., Harms, V. & Wieland, R. (2023) Planning for wolf-livestock coexistence: landscape configuration predicts livestock depredation risk in agricultural landscapes. Animal 17: 100719 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2023.100719
Ostermann-Miyashita, E.-F., Bluhm, H., Dobiáš, K., Gandl, N., Hibler, S., Look, S., Michler, F.-U., Weltgen, L., Smaga, A., König, H.J., Kuemmerle, T. & Kiffner, C. (2023) Opportunities and challenges for monitoring a recolonizing large herbivore using citizen science. Ecology and Evolution 13: e10484, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.10484
Ostermann-Miyashita, E.-F., Pernat, N., König, H. J., Hemminger, K., Gandl, N., Bellingrath-Kimura, S. D., Hibler, S. & Kiffner, C. (2023) Attitudes towards returning wildlife species: an analysis of patterns and correlates. Biological Conservation 278: 109878, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109878
Ostermann-Miyashita, E.-F., König, H. J., Pernat, N., Bellingrath-Kimura, S. D., Hibler, S. & Kiffner, C. (2022) Knowledge of returning wildlife species and willingness to participate in citizen science projects among wildlife park visitors. People and Nature 4: 1201-1215, https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10379
Kiffner, C., Uthes, S., Ostermann-Miyashiata, E.-F. & Harms, V. & König, H. J. (2022) Patterns of livestock loss associated with a recolonizing wolf population in Germany. Frontiers in Conservation Science 3: 989368, https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2022.989368
Kiffner, C., Boyle, D., Denninger Snyder, K., Kissui, B., Waltert. M. & Krause, S. (2022) Refining the stress gradient hypothesis for mixed species groups of African mammals. Scientific Reports 12: 17715, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22593-3
Riggio, J., Foreman, K., Freedman, E., Gottlieb, B., Hendler, D., Radomile, D., Rodriguez, R., Yamashita, T., Kioko, J. & Kiffner, C. (2022) Predicting wildlife corridors for multiple species in an East African ungulate community. PloS ONE 17(4): e0265136, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265136
Giliba, R., Fust, P., Kiffner, C. & Loos, J. (2022) Multiple anthropogenic pressures challenge the effectiveness of protected areas in western Tanzania. Conservation Science and Practice 4: e12684, https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12684
Kiffner, C., Kioko, J., Butynski, T.M., de Jong, Y. & Zinner, D. (2022) Population dynamics of the Manyara monkey (Cercopithecus mitis manyaraensis) and vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania. Primate Biology 9: 33-43, https://doi.org/10.5194/pb-9-33-2022
Kiffner, C., Paciência, F.M.D., Henrich, G., Kaitila, R., Chuma, I.S., Mbaryo, P., Knauf, S., Kioko, J. & Zinner, D. (2022) Road-based distance surveys overestimate olive baboon densities. PloS ONE 17(2): e0263314, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263314
Reinke, H., König, H.J., Keuling, O., Kümmerle, T. & Kiffner, C. (2021) Zoning has little impact on the seasonal diel activity and distribution patterns of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Ecology and Evolution 11(23): 17091-17105, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8347
Clauss, M., Scriba, M., Kioko, J. Ganzhorn, J. & Kiffner, C. (2021) Camera-trap data do not indicate scaling of diel activity and cathemerality with body mass in an East African mammal assemblage. Ecology and Evolution 11(20): 13846-13861, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8090
Wood, B., Millar, R., Wright, N., Baumgartner, J., Holmquist, H. & Kiffner, C. (2021) Hunter-gatherers in context: Mammal community composition in a landscape shared with Hadza hunter-gatherers and Datoga pastoralists. PloS One 16(5): e0251076, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251076
Griffin, A.N., Kioko, J., Theisinger, O. & Kiffner, C. (2021) Ostrich population densities and temporal dynamics in coupled social-ecological systems: suitable indicators for the ecological effectiveness of protected areas? Ecological Indicators 125: 107348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107348
Kriegel, E.R., Cherney, D.J.R. & Kiffner, C. (2021) Conventional knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards zoonotic diseases among Maasai in northern Tanzania. Helyion 7: e07041, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07041
Kiffner, C., Schaal, I., Cass, L., Peirce, K., Sussmann, O., Grueser, A., Wachtel, E., Adams, H., Clark, K., König, H., Kioko, J. (2021) Perceptions and realities of elephant crop raiding and mitigation methods. Conservation Science and Practice (3): e372, https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.372
König, H.J., Carter, N., Ceaușu, S., Lamb, C., Ford, A.T. & Kiffner, C. (2021) Human-wildlife coexistence in science and practice. Conservation Science and Practice 3 (3): e401, https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.401 [cover picture]
König, H., Kiffner, C., Kramer-Schadt, S., Fürst, C., Keuling, O. & Ford A. T. (2020) Human-wildlife coexistence in a changing world. Conservation Biology 34(4): 786-794, https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13513
Kiffner, C., Baylis, J., Beckwith, C., Brunner, C., Burns, C., Chavez-Molina, V., Cotton, S., Glazik L., Loftis, E., Morgan, M., O’Neill, C., Theisinger, O., Kioko, J. & Kissui B. (2020) Long-term persistence of wildlife populations in a pastoral area. Ecology and Evolution 10: 10000-10016, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6658
Kiffner, C., Binzen, G., Cunningham, L., Jones, M., Spruiell, F. & Kioko, J. (2020) Wildlife population trends as indicators of protected area effectiveness in northern Tanzania. Ecological Indicators 110: 105903, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105903
Kiffner, C., Thomas, S., Speaker, T., O’Connor, V., Schwartz, P., Kioko, J. & Kissui, B. (2020) Community-based wildlife management area supports similar mammal species richness and densities compared to a national park. Ecology and Evolution 10: 480-492, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5916
Kioko, J., Horton, A., Libre, M., Vickers, J., Dressel, E., Kasey, H., Mdengeya, P.M., Gadiye, D., Kissui, B, & Kiffner, C. (2020) Distribution and abundance of African elephants in Ngorongoro Crater, northern Tanzania. African Zoology 55(4): 303-310, https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2020.1813625
Beattie, K., Olson, E., Kissui, B., Kirchbaum, A. & Kiffner, C. (2020) Predicting livestock depredation risk by African lions (Panthera leo) in a multi-use area of northern Tanzania. European Journal of Wildlife Research 66: 11, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-019-1348-5
Kissui, B., Kiffner, C., König, H. & Montgomery, R. (2019) Patterns of livestock depredation and cost-effectiveness of fortified enclosures in northern Tanzania. Ecology and Evolution 9 (19): 11420-11433, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5644
Kiffner, C., Chapron, G. & König, H. (2019) Germany’s wolves in the crosshairs. Science 365(6458): 1089, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay8053
Kiffner, C., Latzer, M., Vise, R., Benson, H., Hammon E. & J. Kioko (2019) Comparative knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions regarding anthrax, brucellosis, and rabies in three districts of northern Tanzania. BMC Public Health 19: 1625, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7900-0
Kiffner, C., Arndt, Z., Foky, T., Gaeth, M., Gannett, A., Jackson, M., Maroldi, A., McLaughlin, S., Lellman, G., Love, S., Skenandore, B., von Euler, S., Zambrano, Z. & Kissui, B. (2019) Land use, REDD+ and the status of wildlife populations in Yaeda Valley, northern Tanzania. Plos ONE 14(4): e0214823, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214823
Steinbeiser, C.M., Kioko, J., Maresi, A., Kaitila, R. & Kiffner, C. (2019) Relative abundance and activity patterns explain method-related differences in mammalian species richness estimates. Journal of Mammalogy 100(1): 192-201, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy175
Diplock, N. Z., Johnston, K., Mellon, A., Mitchell, L., Moore, M., Schneider, D., Taylor, A. Whitney, J., Kioko, J. & Kiffner, C. (2018) Large mammal declines and the incipient loss of mammal bird mutualisms in an African savanna ecosystem. PloS ONE 13(8): e0202536, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202536
Yamashita, T. Gaynor K., Kioko, J., Brashares, J. & Kiffner, C. (2018) Anti-predator behavior of African ungulates in relation to human settlements. African Journal of Ecology 56(3): 528-536, https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12489
Kiffner, C., Rheault, H., Miller, E., Scheetz, T., Enriquez, V., Swafford, R., Kioko, J. & Prins, H. H. T. (2017) Long-term population dynamics in a multi-species assemblage of large herbivores in East Africa. Ecosphere 8(12): e02027, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2027 [cover picture]
Grzeda, E., Maurer, T., Danneman, C., Kibiriti, L. O., Kioko J. & Kiffner C. (2017) Effects of acaricide treatment on tick acquisition and tick mortality in Boran cattle. Parasitology Research 116(11): 3163-3173, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-017-5633-5
Greene, K., Bell, D., Kioko, J. & Kiffner, C. (2017) Performance of ground-based and aerial survey methods for monitoring wildlife assemblages in a conservation area of northern Tanzania. European Journal of Wildlife Research 63: 77, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-017-1133-2
Bond M.L., Bradley C., Kiffner, C., Morrison T.A. & Lee D.E. (2017) A multi-method approach to delineate and validate migratory corridors. Landscape Ecology 32. 1705-1721, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-017-0537-4
Lumetsberger, T., Ghoddousi, A., Appel, A., Khorozyan, I., Waltert, M. & Kiffner, C. (2017) Re-evaluating models for estimating prey consumption by leopards. Journal of Zoology 302 (3): 201-210, https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12449
Kioko, J., Taylor, K., Milne, H.J., Hayes, Z.K. & Kiffner, C. (2017) Temporal gland secretion in African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Mammalian Biology 82: 34-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2016.07.005
Koziarski, A., Kissui, B. & Kiffner, C. (2016) Patterns and correlates of perceived conflict between humans and large carnivores in Northern Tanzania. Biological Conservation 199: 41-50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.04.029
Bencin, H., Kioko, J. & Kiffner, C. (2016) Local people’s perceptions of wildlife species in two distinct landscapes of Northern Tanzania. Journal for Nature Conservation 34: 82-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2016.09.004
Riggio, J., Caro, T., Dollar, L., Durant, S.M., Jacobson, A.P., Kiffner, C., Pimm, S. & van Aarde, R. (2016) Lion populations may be declining in Africa but not as Bauer et al. suggest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113: E107-E108, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521506113
Kiffner, C., Nagar, S., Kollmar, C. & Kioko, J. (2016) Wildlife species richness and densities in wildlife corridors of Northern Tanzania. Journal for Nature Conservation 31: 29-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2016.02.006
Kiffner, C., Hopper, R. & Kioko, J. (2016) Trends in seasonal population densities of wildlife species in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 54: 383-388, https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12286
Warwick, B.T., Bak, E., Baldassare, J., Gregg, E., Martinez, R., Kioko, J., Saning’o, K. & Kiffner, C. (2016) Abundance estimations of ixodid ticks on Boran cattle and Somali sheep in northern Tanzania. International Journal of Acarology 42: 12-17, https://doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2015.1109708
Kiffner, C., Albertini, M., Ede, A., Donnellan, B., Hahn, N., McGinnis, M.A., Nietlisbach, N.A., Tate, J. & Kioko, J. (2015) Performance of individual species as indicators for large mammal species richness in Northern Tanzania. Ecological Indicators 53: 70-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.01.022
Kiffner, C., Wenner, C., LaViolet, A., Yeh, K. & Kioko, J. (2015) From savannah to farmland: effects of land use on mammal communities in the Tarangire-Manyara Ecosystem, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 53: 156-166, https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12160
Kiffner, C., Peters, L., Strohming, A. & Kioko, J. (2015) Bushmeat consumption in the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem, Tanzania. Tropical Conservation Science 8: 318-332, https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291500800204
Kioko, J., Kiffner, C., Phillips, P., Patterson-Abrolat, C., Collinson, W. & Katers, S. (2015)
Driver knowledge and attitudes on animal vehicle collisions in Northern Tanzania. Tropical Conservation Science 8: 352-366, https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291500800206
Kioko, J., Kiffner, C., Jenkins, N. & Collinson, W. J. (2015) Wildlife roadkill patterns on a major highway in Northern Tanzania. African Zoology 50(1): 17-22, https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2015.1021161
Kioko, J., Smith, D. & Kiffner, C. (2015) Use of birds for ethnomedicine among the Maasai people in Monduli district, northern Tanzania. International Journal of Ethnobiology & Ethnomedicine, 1(1): 1-13
Kioko, J., Baker, J., Shannon, A. & Kiffner, C. (2015) Ethnoecological knowledge of ticks and treatment of tick borne diseases among Maasai people in Northern Tanzania. Veterinary World 8(6), 755-762, https://doi.org/10.14202%2Fvetworld.2015.755-762
Kioko, J., Kiffner, C., Ndibalema, V., Hartnett, E. & Seefeld, C. (2015) Maasai people and elephants: values and perceptions. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 1: 13-19
Kiffner, C., Kioko, J., Leweri, C. & Krause, J. (2014) Seasonal patterns of mixed-species groups in large East African mammals. PLoS ONE 9(12): e113446, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113446
Kiffner, C., Kioko, J., Kissui, B., Painter, C., Serota, M., White, C. & Yager, P. (2014) Inter-specific variation in large mammal responses to human observers along a conservation gradient with variable hunting pressure. Animal Conservation 17(6): 603–612, https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12131
Kioko, J., Herbert, V.T., Mweta, D., Kiwango, Y., Murphy-Williams, M. & Kiffner, C. (2014) Environmental correlates of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) distribution in Manyara area, Tanzania. Annual Research & Review in Biology 5(2): 147-154, https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2015/12470
Reinecke, H., Leinen, L., Thißen, I., Meißner, M., Herzog, S., Schütz, S. & Kiffner, C. (2014) Home range size estimates of red deer in Germany: environmental, individual and methodological correlates. European Journal of Wildlife Research 60: 237-247, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-013-0772-1
Kiffner, C., Stanko, M., Morand, S., Khoklova, I.S, Shenbrot, I., Laudisoit, A., Leirs, H., Hawlena, H. & Krasnov, B. (2014) Variable effects of host characteristics on species richness of flea infracommunities in rodents from three continents. Parasitology Research 113: 2777–2788, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-3937-2
Kiffner, C., Stanko, M., Morand, S., Khoklova, I.S, Shenbrot, I., Laudisoit, A., Leirs, H., Hawlena, H. & Krasnov, B. (2013) Sex-biased parasitism is not universal: evidence from rodent-flea associations from three biomes. Oecologia 173: 1009–1022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2664-1
Caro, T., Stankowich, T., Kiffner, C. & Hunter, J. (2013) Are spotted skunks conspicuous or cryptic? Ethology, Ecology & Evolution 25(2): 144-160, https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2012.744359
Kioko, J., Zink, E., Sawdy, M. & Kiffner, C. (2013) Demography and behavior of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Tarangire-Manyara Ecosystem, Tanzania. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 43: 44-51, https://doi.org/10.3957/056.043.0109
Kiffner, C., Stoner, C. & Caro, T. (2013) Edge effects and large mammal distributions in a national park. Animal Conservation 16: 97-107, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00577.x
Martin, A., Caro, T. & Kiffner, C. (2013) Prey preferences of bushmeat hunters in an East African Savannah Ecosystem. European Journal of Wildlife Research 59(2): 137-145, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-012-0657-8
Kiffner, C., Ndibalema, V. & Kioko, J. (2013) Leopard (Panthera pardus) aggregation and leopard baboon (Papio anubis) interactions in the Serengeti. African Journal of Ecology 51: 168-171, https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12002
Viquerat, S., Kadiri, B., Kiffner, C. & Waltert, M. (2013) A comparison of dung decay estimates in two African forest duiker species (Cephalophus monticola, C. ogilby). Ecotropica 19: 33-38
Viquerat, S., Kadiri, B., Müller, M., Kiffner, C. & Waltert, M. (2012) Estimating forest duiker (Cephalophinae) density: a case study on the performance of three line transect methods. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 42: 1-10, https://doi.org/10.3957/056.042.0110
Mgawe, P., Borgerhoff Mulder, M., Caro, T., Martin, A. & Kiffner, C. (2012) Factors affecting bushmeat consumption in western Tanzania. Tropical Conservation Science 5: 446-462, https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291200500404
Kiffner, C., Vor, T., Hagedorn, P., Niedrig, M. & Rühe, F. (2012) Determinants of tick-borne encephalitis virus antibody presence in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) sera. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 26: 18-25, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00961.x
Achazi, K., Ruzek, D., Donoso-Mantke, O., Schlegel, M., Ali, H.S., Wenk, M., Schmidt-Chanasit, J., Ohlmeyer, L., Rühe, F., Vor, T., Kiffner, C., Kallies, R., Ulrich, R. & Niedrig, M. (2011) Rodents as sentinels for the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Vector-borne and zoonotic Diseases 11: 641-647, https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fvbz.2010.0236
Kiffner, C., Lödige, C., Alings, M., Vor, T. & Rühe, F. (2011) Body-mass or sex-biased tick parasitism in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)? A GAMLSS approach. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 25: 39-45, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00929.x
Kiffner, C., Lödige, C., Alings, M., Vor, T. & Rühe, F. (2011) Attachment site selection of ticks on roe deer, Capreolus capreolus. Experimental and Applied Acarology 53: 79-94, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-010-9378-4
Kiffner, C., Vor, T., Hagedorn, P, Niedrig, M. & Rühe, F. (2011) Factors affecting patterns of tick parasitism on forest rodents in tick-borne encephalitis risk areas, Germany. Parasitology Research 108: 323–335, https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00436-010-2065-x
Kiffner, C., Zucchini, W., Schomaker, P., Vor, T., Hagedorn, P, Niedrig, M. & Rühe, F. (2010) Determinants of tick-borne encephalitis in counties of southern Germany, 2001-2008. International Journal of Health Geographics 9: 42, https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-9-42
Kiffner, C., Lödige, C., Alings, M., Vor, T. & Rühe, F. (2010) Abundance estimation of Ixodes ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Experimental and Applied Acarology 52: 73-84, https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10493-010-9341-4
Vor, T., Kiffner, C., Hagedorn, P., Niedrig, M. & Rühe, F. (2010) Tick burden on European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.). Experimental and Applied Acarology 51: 405-417, https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10493-010-9337-0
Waltert, M., Chuwa, M. & Kiffner, C. (2009) An assessment of the puku (Kobus vardonii Livingstone 1857) population at Lake Rukwa, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 47: 688-692, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01024.x
Waltert, M., Meyer, B. & Kiffner, C. (2009) Habitat availability, hunting or poaching: what affects distribution and density of large mammals in western Tanzanian woodlands? African Journal of Ecology 47: 737-746, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01080.x
Kiffner, C. (2009) Coincidence or evidence: Was the sabretooth cat Smilodon social? Biology Letters 5, 561-562, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0008
Kiffner, C., Meyer, B., Mühlenberg, M. & Waltert, M. (2009) Plenty of prey, few predators: what limits lions in Katavi National Park, western Tanzania? Oryx 43: 52-59, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605307002335
Kiffner, C., Meyer, B. Waltert, M. & Mühlenberg, M. (2008) Response of lions (Panthera leo LINNAEUS 1758) and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta ERXLEBEN 1777) to sound playbacks. African Journal of Ecology 46: 223-226, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00813.x
Rühe, F., Ksinsik, M. & Kiffner, C. (2008) Conversion factors in carnivore scat analysis: Sources of bias. Wildlife Biology 14: 500-506, https://doi.org/10.2981/0909-6396-14.4.500
Kiffner, C., Roessiger, E., Trissl, O., Schulz, R. & Rühe, F. (2008) Probability of recent bark stripping damage by red deer (Cervus elaphus) on Norway spruce (Picea abies) in a low mountain range in Germany – a preliminary analysis. Silva Fennica 42: 125-134, https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.269